Pengaruh Paparan Pestisida Sintetik terhadap Kesehatan Hewan Ternak Dalam Konteks Pertanian Berkelanjutan dan PHT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53712/maduranch.v11i1.2942Keywords:
Kesehatan Ternak, Paparan Pestisida, Pengendalian Hama Terpadu, Pertanian Berkelanjutan, Residu KimiaAbstract
Penggunaan pestisida sintetik dalam sistem pertanian intensif menimbulkan risiko terhadap kesehatan hewan ternak yang berada di sekitar lahan budidaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji jalur paparan pestisida sintetik terhadap hewan ternak, dampaknya terhadap kesehatan dan produktivitas, serta mengevaluasi relevansi Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) dalam mendukung sistem pertanian berkelanjutan. Kajian dilakukan melalui studi literatur dengan pendekatan tematik terhadap artikel ilmiah terindeks dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari sepuluh jenis residu pestisida, termasuk glyphosate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, atrazine, malathion, DDT, dan lindane, terdeteksi pada sampel ternak dan lingkungan kandang. Residu tersebut berasal dari enam golongan pestisida yaitu organofosfat, herbisida, piretroid, organoklorin, neonicotinoid, serta campuran multi-residu. Paparan terjadi melalui enam jalur utama yaitu ingestasi pakan, ingestasi air, inhalasi, kontak dermal, transmisi biologis, dan kondisi lingkungan kandang, dengan dampak berupa gangguan fisiologis pada sistem saraf, hati, dan ginjal, gangguan hematologi, respirasi, reproduksi, perkembangan embrio, serta penurunan produktivitas susu, daging, dan telur. Akumulasi residu dalam jaringan tubuh ternak akibat paparan pestisida menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan, keamanan pangan, dan nilai ekonomi produk peternakan. PHT dipandang sebagai pendekatan yang relevan untuk menekan paparan tersebut melalui pengurangan frekuensi aplikasi dan penggunaan pestisida secara selektif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan intervensi multisektor yang mencakup pengawasan, edukasi, dan dukungan kebijakan untuk memperkuat praktik pertanian-peternakan yang sehat dan berkelanjutan.
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